The Mental Health Protection Act (MHP) allows for compulsory psychiatric observation of a patient whose behaviour indicates that, due to a mental disorder, he or she is directly threatening his or her life or the life or health of others (Article 24 of the MHP). Hospitalisation is used to determine whether the disorder presented by the patient is a mental illness, within the meaning of the MHP, that is, whether it involves psychotic symptoms (Article 3(1)(a) of the MHP). Current regulations on observation are not complete, which creates numerous dilemmas when applying these provisions in medical practice. The biggest doubts relate to the possibility of reapplying Article 24 of the MHP to a patient who, after being admitted for observation, agreed to stay in the hospital and then demanded to be discharged home before settling concerns about his mental state, or the legal basis for further treatment, it is determined that there are grounds for treatment against his will. The legislator also did not comprehensively regulate the scope of diagnostic measures that can be taken against the patient’s will during observation. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the title institution with the determination of its axionormative basis, as well as an attempt to resolve the legal and practical dilemmas that arise in the course of applying Article 24 of the MHP in medical practice.