Anodyspareunia (anal dyspareunia) is a phenomenon related to the passive side’s feeling of pain or discomfort in anal sex when attempting or completely penetrating the anus. This dysfunction was first described in 1998 by Rosser’s team investigating its biopsychosocial correlates in a sample of men who had sex with men. The work is theoretical in nature and is an attempt to integrate the current knowledge on the phenomenon of anodyspareunia. It presents attempts to define the phenomenon and data on its prevalence, possible reasons for its occurrence and further research directions. The analyzed studies show that although the occurrence of anodyspareunia is influenced by both physiological factors (e.g., lack of lubrication, oral or manual stimulation of the anus prior to penetration) and psychological factors, the latter seem to play a decisive role in the experience of pain. Not all people who practice anal sex report pain associated with it, which may lead to the perception of anal dyspareunia